Individual Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Predicting skin permeation-enhancing effect of fixed oils using saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio content

Background: Transdermal drug delivery is non-invasive and advantageous as it improves patient compliance.
 Objective: This study evaluated the effect of varying ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in fixed oils on the permeation of ibuprofen across pig dorsal skin.
 Methods: The solubility of ibuprofen in soybean oil, theobroma oil, and shea butter (fixed oils) was evaluated and in vitro skin permeation studies were conducted using Franz diffusion cells.
 Results: A significant difference in permeability parameters, such as flux and effective skin permeability, in the different formulations was observed. Skin permeation depended on the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. It also depended on the type and concentration of individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the fixed oils. The skin permeation of ibuprofen increased with an increasing ratio of palmitic acid (PA) to oleic acid (OA) concentrations. The highest flux was obtained in the theobroma oil formulation, with a PA:OA ratio of 0.78. The lowest flux was obtained in the shea butter formulation, with a PA:OA ratio of 0.09. The PA:OA ratio was 0.46 in the soybean oil formulation.
 Conclusion: These results suggest that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in fixed oils could be used as a model for predicting the rate of skin permeation of drugs in oil-based formulations. Depending on the desired rate of drug permeation, different combinations of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids can be used in formulations for transdermal delivery.

The Fatty Acid Profile, and the Content of Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Cholesterol in Beef (M. longissimus lumborum) Stored Under Different Modified Atmospheres

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat and the content of vitamin A, vitamin E and cholesterol in samples of the longissimus lumborum (LL) beef muscles and stored for 7, 14 and 21 days under modified atmospheres (MA): vacuum, 80% O2 + 20% CO2, 60% O2 + 30% CO2 + 10% N2, 40% CO2 + 60% N2, 30% CO2 + 70% Ar). The experimental factors, i.e., storage time (ST) and MA composition, had no significant effect on the proportions of individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but they significantly modified the proportions of individual unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat (IMF). The study demonstrated that in order to minimize the loss of total UFAs, samples of the LL muscle should be cold-stored in MA 40% CO2 + 60% N2 for up to 14 days; MA 30% CO2 + 70% Ar also effectively prevented the loss of total PUFAs and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The losses of vitamins A and E were lowest when beef was packaged under oxygen-free MA, in particular MA 30% CO2 + 70% Ar. Prolonged storage (21 days) did not contribute to significant vitamin losses, but it induced a decrease in cholesterol concentration, which was lower in vacuum-packaged samples than in those packaged in MA containing 60% O2 and MA composed of 40% CO2 + 60% N2.

Effect of genotype on chemical composition and fatty acid profile of guinea pig carcass (Cavia porcellus L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the genotype on the deposition curve of the chemical components and fatty acid profile of carcass of guinea pigs of Peru and Cieneguilla genotypes. Forty-eight male guinea pigs (24 per genotype), randomly distributed in pens with three animals each per genotype were used. Management and feeding protocols, up to 32 wk of age, were similar for both genotypes. The deposition curve of the chemical components was determined using the Gompertz equation. Data of the fatty acid profile were submitted to analysis of varianza under a Randomized Complete Block Design using the SAS Studio Environment software, with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the asymptote of the moisture and protein content in the carcass of the Peru genotype was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Cieneguilla genotype, but not in the fat content, which was similar (P > 0.05) in both genotypes.  Likewise, the function of the relationship between the maximum deposition rate of the three chemical components and the content at adulthood (k) was similar (P > 0.05) in the two genotypes. The age of maximum moisture deposition rate and total protein at the inflection point (ti) are lower than the maximum fat deposition rate in both genotypes. Regarding the fatty acid profile of the carcass, the content of total and individual saturated fatty acids was similar (p > 0.05) in the two genotypes was observed. However, the content of total monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid (C18:1C) were higher (p < 0.05) in the Cieneguilla genotype, while the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids were higher (P < 0.05) in the carcass of guinea pigs of the Peru genotype. In conclusion, the asymptote of moisture content and crude protein in adulthood was higher (p < 0.05) in the Peru genotype. In saturated fatty acid content, there were no statistical differences between both genotypes, but the Cieneguilla genotype contains a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and the Peru genotype has a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids.  

Agronomic characteristics, insect pollinators, and seedbank persistence of a novel oilseed crop, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in eastern China

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is a newly emerging crop species in China, gaining extensive attention worldwide as a potential dietary oil and pharmaceutical resource. However, there are few reports on the cultivation or field evaluation of chia in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic performance of chia, including the determination of the suitable seeding window and seed yield potential. Data were also collected on flower-visiting insects, flowering phenology, and seedbank persistence of chia for providing baseline information on weed risk assessment for the potential of crop introduction in China. Results showed that chia seeded between late-Apr. and middle-May produced a greater seed yield (mean: 686.6 kg ha−1; ranges: 324.5–1034 kg ha−1) compared to that of seeded at other dates (mean: 136.6 kg ha−1; ranges: 0–311.0 kg ha−1). While the content of individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of the chia seed oil varied with seeding date and genotype, the unsaturated fatty acids, including C18:1 (oleic acid), C18:2 (linoleic), and C18:3 (linolenic) were the most abundant fatty acid in chia seed oil, accounting for approximately 87 % of the total oil content. At the present location, even though the chia seeding dates varied from mid-Mar. to end-Jun., the plants could still complete the whole crop lifecycle with similar dates for the specific phenological stage. Moreover, chia flowers attracted a diverse group of pollinating insects from the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. Eastern honeybees (Hymenoptera) and syrphid flies (Syrphidae) were the most abundant insect species, accounting for 25.4 % and 25.8 % of all insect pollinators, respectively. While the chia cannot persist in the seedbank during the spring growing season, the seeds from the late fall harvest could be partially dormant in the soil seedbank with the potential for generating the weed control problem in the subsequent crops. The baseline information obtained from this study would help understand the potential ecological risk of chia and serve a valuable reference for introduction of chia production in China.

Overexpression of S-R enhances the accumulation of biomass, fatty acids, and β-carotene in Schizochytrium

Strategies for enhancing biomass accumulation and increasing the production of fatty acids and β-carotene in Schizochytrium are hindered by the lack of suitable targets. In this study, S-R, a RING (really interesting new gene) finger domain-containing protein, was identified in Schizochytrium, with homologs found in the family Thraustochytriaceae. Transgenic strains overexpressing S-R showed a minor improvement in cell growth but a significant increase in total fatty acids content by 1.29- to 1.36-fold. Almost all individual saturated fatty acids exhibited significant increases, with the greatest increase observed in the C14:0 content, by 1.52- to 1.78-fold. Additionally, the β-carotene content of S-R strains was significantly upregulated. Overexpression of s-r conferred hypersaline tolerance in Schizochytrium, with a significant increase in dry cell weight, total fatty acids and β-carotene, likely due to the upregulation of glycerol and proline. This study provides a feasible strategy to engineer Thraustochytriaceae for efficient biomass and biochemical production.

Effect of slaughter age and sex on fatty acid composition of vembur sheep meat

Six each of Vembur sheep males and females from 9 and 12 months of age maintained under grazing system were slaughtered to analyse the meat fatty acid composition. The results showed no significant difference in individual saturated fatty acids composition (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C22:0) between slaughter age and sex. Both slaughter ages and sex showed no significant differences in the monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1 and C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (C18:2, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6) of meat. However, overall significantly lower saturated fatty acid and higher unsaturated fatty acids were observed at 9 months as compared to 12 months of age. Contrarily, sex of the animal had no effect on fatty acid composition.

Circulating saturated fatty acids and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study and meta-analysis.

BackgroundPrevious studies have analyzed the associations between the circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but no consistent conclusions have been reached. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether plasma SFAs were in correlation with GDM risks in our in-house women cross-sectional study and to better define their associations on the clinical evidence available to date by a dose-response meta-analysis.MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional study of 807 pregnant women in 2018–2019 (Shanghai, China). GDM was defined according to the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). Gas chromatography was used to determine the plasma fatty acids (FAs) in the 24–28 gestational weeks. The SFAs levels of non-GDM and GDM participants were compared by Mann–Whitney test, and the association between SFAs and GDM was explored by multivariate logistic models. Further, the potential diagnostic value of plasma SFAs was evaluated using the method of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. For meta-analysis, five databases were systematically searched from inception to March 2022, and we included 25 relevant studies for calculating pooled standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CI to describe the differences in SFAs profiles between non-GDM and GDM women. Study-specific, multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CI were also pooled using a fixed-effect model or random-effects model according to the heterogeneity to evaluate the associations between circulating SFAs and GDM prevalence.ResultsIn our cross-sectional study, we found plasma proportion of palmitic acid (C16:0) was positively associated (aOR: 1.10 per 1% increase; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17), while plasma stearic acid (C18:0) (aOR: 0.76 per 1% increase; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.89), arachidic acid (C20:0) (aOR: 0.92 per 0.1% increase; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.97), behenic acid (C22:0) (aOR: 0.94 per 0.1% increase; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.97), and lignoceric acid (C24:0) (aOR: 0.94 per 0.1% increase; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.97) were inversely associated with GDM. The area under the receiver operative characteristic curve increased from 0.7503 (the basic diagnostic model) to 0.8178 (p = 0.002) after adding total very-long-chain SFAs (VLcSFAs). A meta-analysis from 25 studies showed the circulating levels of three individual SFAs of GDM women were different from those of normal pregnant women. The summarized ORs for GDM was 1.593 (95% CI: 1.125, 2.255, p = 0.009), 0.652 (95% CI: 0.472, 0.901, p = 0.010) and 0.613 (95% CI: 0.449, 0.838, p = 0.002), respectively, comparing the highest vs. lowest quantile of the concentrations of C16:0, C22:0, and C24:0.ConclusionOur results, combined with the findings from meta-analysis, showed that women with GDM had a particular circulating SFA profile, characterized by higher levels of palmitic acid, and lower levels of VLcSFAs. Alterations in the chain lengths of blood SFA profile were shown to be associated with the occurrence of GDM.

Effect of Cooking Oil on the Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Sausage Fortified with Edible Deboned Meat Waste.

Application of cooking oil during thermal processing can influence the nutritional qualities of meat products during consumption. This study determined the effect of frying with sunflower and olive oil on the fatty acid profile of sausage fortified with edible meat waste (EMW) as a fat replacer was evaluated. Fresh beef sausages were formulated in ratios of 30% lean meat (LM) and 70% EMW, 50% LM and 50% EMW, and 90% LM and 10% fat (control) and designated as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The proximate analysis results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in fat, fat free dry matter (FFDM), and moisture contents across the treatment. Fresh beef sausage fortified with 70% EMW had the highest fat contents (25.7 ± 0.83%) while those fortified with 10% fat (T3) had the highest FFDM (55.85 ± 0.57%) and moisture content (69.15 ± 0.62) compared to other treatments. In addition, among individual saturated fatty acids, beef sausage fortified with 50% meat wastes (T1) revealed significantly higher palmitic acid (31.06 ± 0.13), stearic acid (22.52 ± 0.29), myristic acid (3.84 ± 0.05), and lauric acid (0.04 ± 0.05) and the lowest margaric (0.98 ± 0.02) contents as compared to treatments T2 and T3. Also, beef sausage containing 10% fat showed the lowest (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acid (SFA) and higher monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-6, n-3, PUFA : SFA, PUFA/MUFA, n-6/n-3, and desaturase indexes (DI) compared to treatments T1 and T2. Frying with sunflower oil significantly increased PUFA, n-6, n-6/n-3, and desaturase indexes and lowered SFA, n-3, and PUFA/SFA compared to frying with olive oil. In relation to raw beef sausage, frying with oil substantially increased the amount of MUFA, PUFA, n-6, and PUFA/SFA but reduced SFA content across the treatments.

The Role of Dietary Saturated Fat in Associations between Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and Mitochondrial Respiratory Functions in Circulating Platelets

Abstract Objectives Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with platelet activation and increased mitochondrial respiration. The impact of dietary saturated fat on the circulating platelets is not understood. This project aimed to determine whether dietary saturated fatty acids moderate mitochondrial respiratory function in circulating platelets after short-term exposure to PM2.5. Methods Platelets were isolated from 22 healthy male volunteers (mean age ± SD, 37 ± 8.2) in a panel study and measured for mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates using an extracellular flux analyzer. Intakes of saturated fat were determined from 24 hr dietary recalls the day before the assay. Daily ambient PM2.5 concentrations during the study period were obtained from ambient air quality monitoring stations. Data were fitted with a moderation model, where the level of ambient PM2.5 was the independent variable, saturated fat intake was the moderator, and mitochondrial respiratory functions in circulating platelets were the dependent variables. Results After controlling for age, dietary consumption of saturated fat moderated the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates of non-mitochondrial respiration, basal respiration, maximum respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity after exposure to ambient PM2.5 with 2 days lag. Specifically, the negative associations between the above mentioned mitochondrial respiratory measurements and PM2.5 levels reached statistical significance (95% Confident Intervals did not include 0) in subjects with a high intake of total saturated fat. Further, results for individual saturated fatty acid showed similar patterns, specifically that negative association between mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates of non-mitochondrial respiration, basal respiration and ATP production and levels of exposed PM2.5 was moderated by intakes of short-chain (C4:0), medium-chain (C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0), long-chain (C14:0, C16:0) saturated fatty acids. Conclusions Taken together, these preliminary findings suggest that consumption of saturated fat moderates platelet mitochondrial respiration after exposure to PM2.5.  THIS ABSTRACT OF A PROPOSED PRESENTATION DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT EPA POLICY. Funding Sources This project was supported by the U.S. EPA Intramural Research Program.

Dietary intake and plasma phospholipid concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated and trans fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort.

Epidemiologic studies examining the association between specific fatty acids and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk are inconclusive. We investigated the association between dietary estimates and plasma levels of individual and total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), industrial-processed trans (iTFA), and ruminant-sourced trans (rTFA) fatty acids, and CRC risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Baseline fatty acid intakes were estimated in 450 112 participants (6162 developed CRC, median follow-up=15 years). In a nested case-control study, plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography in 433 colon cancer cases and 433 matched controls. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox and conditional logistic regression, respectively. Dietary total SFA (highest vs lowest quintile, HRQ5vsQ1 =0.80; 95%CI:0.69-0.92), myristic acid (HRQ5vsQ1 =0.83, 95%CI:0.74-0.93) and palmitic acid (HRQ5vsQ1 =0.81, 95%CI:0.70-0.93) were inversely associated with CRC risk. Plasma myristic acid was also inversely associated with colon cancer risk (highest vs lowest quartile, ORQ4vsQ1 =0.51; 95%CI:0.32-0.83), whereas a borderline positive association was found for plasma stearic acid (ORQ4vsQ1 =1.63; 95%CI:1.00-2.64). Dietary total MUFA was inversely associated with colon cancer (per 1-SD increment, HR1-SD =0.92, 95%CI: 0.85-0.98), but not rectal cancer (HR1-SD =1.04, 95%CI:0.95-1.15, Pheterogeneity =0.027). Dietary iTFA, and particularly elaidic acid, was positively associated with rectal cancer (HR1-SD =1.07, 95%CI:1.02-1.13). Our results suggest that total and individual saturated fatty acids and fatty acids of industrial origin may be relevant to the aetiology of CRC. Both dietary and plasma myristic acid levels were inversely associated with colon cancer risk, which warrants further investigation.

Short-term forage substitution with ensiled olive cake increases beneficial milk fatty acids in lactating cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term forage substitution with ensiled olive cake (OC), on yield, composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of cows' milk. Mid-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned for 21 days to two isoenergetic and isoproteic feeding treatments (12 animals per treatment), containing 0 and 10% DM of ensiled OC (C and OC groups, respectively). Milk yield was recorded daily, and milk samples were collected at 14 and 21 days of the trial for analyzing the fat, protein, and FA profile of milk. No significant differences were observed in milk yield, protein, and fat nor in protein and fat percentage of milk between groups. However, dietary supplementation with ensiled OC modified the FA profile of cow milk. Feeding cows with ensiled OC resulted in a significant decline of medium-chain FA, while long-chain and mono-unsaturated FA were risen in milk (P < 0.05). Among individual saturated FA, palmitic was particularly reduced, while among individual mono-unsaturated FA, increments of C18:1 cis-9 were demonstrated with the OC treatment (P < 0.05). Although total poly-unsaturated FA were decreased, the concentration of CLA cis-9, trans-11 tended to be elevated with OC feeding (P = 0.06). Overall, short-term forage substitution with ensiled OC improved, beneficially forhuman health, the lipid profile of milk without adversely affecting milk yield or milk composition of lactating cows.

The effect of cereal type and α-tocopherol supplementation on selective quality and processability parameters of milk from late lactation grazing dairy cows.

This research communication addressed the hypothesis that late lactation cows offered an oat-grain-based supplement or a high level of α-TOC supplementation at pasture would have improved milk composition and processability. Over a grazing period of 49 d, 48 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: control, pasture only (CTRL), pasture + 2.65 kg DM barley-based concentrate + 350 IU α-TOC/kg (BARLO), pasture + 2.65 kg DM oat-based concentrate + 350 IU α-TOC/kg (OATLO) and pasture + 2.65 kg DM oat-based concentrate + 1050 IU α-TOC/kg (OATHI). Within this randomised complete block design experiment cows were blocked on days in milk (DIM) and balanced for parity, milk yield and composition. Rennet coagulation time (RCT) was reduced in milk from cows offered OATHI compared to CTRL cows and OATLO. Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased by OATHI compared to OATLO and in OATLO compared to CTRL. Supplementation with OATHI reduced individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in milk compared to OATLO. In conclusion, supplementing grazing dairy cows with an oat-based supplement improved total milk CLA concentration compared to pasture only. Offering a high level of α-TOC (2931 IU/d) to dairy cows reduced RCT, individual SFA and increased total CLA concentration of milk compared to a lower α-TOC level (738 IU α-TOC/d).

Fatty Acid Compositions and Heavy Metals in Marine Fish Samples of Banglades

This study investigated the fatty acid compositions, moisture content, ash content and heavy metals in ten marine fish samples namely, Lates calcarifer, Tenualosa toli, Pampus chinensis, Laptoracanthus savala, Harpodon nehereus, Johnius angentatus, Awaous guamensis, Setipinna phasa, Sillogenopsis panigus, Sardina pilchardus collected from Kuakata sea beach, Bangladesh. Analysis was carried out according to AOAC (1990) method. Fatty acid compositions were determined by saponification and esterification followed by identification and quantitation by gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Ash, fat and moisture contents of the fish samples were in the range of 3.25-6.27%, 0.89-6.08% and 71.47-90.16%, respectively. The amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) varied in the range of 55.53-89.04% whereas unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) were of 16.45-44.48%. Lauric (3.93-15.19%), palmitic (40.27-67.34%) and stearic acids (5.18-22.88%) were predominant among the individual SFA compositions, whereas oleic (0.91-34.26%), linoleic (0.69-9.95%) and palmitoleic acids (7.66-19.05%) were predominant among USFA in these species. Samples were freeze dried, digested and finally analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the presence of Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn and the range of these metals were 0.5-1.9, 2.4-30.4, 3.2-10.5, 0.3-8.5 mg.kg-1, respectively. However, the values were below the permitted level set by FAO/WHO 2004.

The use of ensiled olive cake in the diets of Friesian cows increases beneficial fatty acids in milk and Halloumi cheese and alters the expression of SREBF1 in adipose tissue

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of ensiled olive cake, a by-product of olive oil production, on milk yield and composition and on fatty acid (FA) profile of milk and Halloumi cheese from cows. Furthermore, the effect of olive cake on the expression of selected genes involved in mammary and adipose lipid metabolism was assessed in a subset of animals. A total of 24 dairy cows in mid lactation were allocated into 2 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic feeding treatments, named the control (CON) diet and the olive cake (OC) diet, in which part of the forages (alfalfa, barley hay, and barley straw) were replaced with ensiled OC as 10% of dry matter according to a 2 × 2 crossover design with two 28-d experimental periods. At the end of the second experimental period, mammary and perirenal adipose tissue samples were collected from 3 animals per group for gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The expression of 11 genes, involved in FA synthesis (ACACA, FASN, G6PDH), FA uptake or translocation (VLDLR, LPL, SLC2A1, CD36, FABP3), FA saturation (SCD1), and transcriptional regulation (SREBF1, PPARG), was evaluated. No significant differences were observed between groups concerning milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, and protein yield (kg/d), whereas milk fat yield (kg/d) increased in the OC group. Dietary supplementation with ensiled OC modified the FA profile of milk and Halloumi cheese produced. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of de novo synthesized FA, saturated FA, and the atherogenic index, whereas long-chain and monounsaturated FA concentration was increased in both milk and cheese. Among individual saturated FA, only stearic acid was elevated, whereas among individual monounsaturated FA, increments of oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) and the sum of C18:1 trans-10 and trans-11 acids were demonstrated in milk and Halloumi cheese produced. Although no diet effect was reported on total polyunsaturated FA, the concentration of CLA cis-9,trans-11 was increased in both milk and Halloumi cheese fat of the OC group. The expression of the genes tested was unaffected apart from an observed upregulation of SREBF1 mRNA expression in perirenal fat from cows fed the OC diet. Milk FA differences observed were not associated with alterations in mammary expression of genes involved in FA synthesis, uptake, translocation, and regulation of lipogenesis. Overall, the inclusion of ensiled OC in cow diets for a 4-wk period improved, beneficially for human health, the lipid profile of bovine milk and Halloumi cheese produced without adversely affecting milk yield and composition or the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism of mammary and adipose tissues in cows.

A high fat diet with a high C18:0/C16:0 ratio induced worse metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in C57BL/6 mice

BackgroundDifferential effects of individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs), particularly stearic acid (C18:0), relative to the shorter-chain SFAs have drawn interest for more accurate nutritional guidelines. However, specific biologic and pathologic functions that can be assigned to particular SFAs are very limited. The present study was designed to compare changes in metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in mice caused by a high C18:0 diet and high palmitic acid (C16:0) diet.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were assigned to a normal fat diet (NFD), a high fat diet with high C18:0/C16:0 ratio (HSF) or an isocaloric high fat diet with a low C18:0/C16:0 ratio (LSF) for 10 weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test, 72-h energy expenditure measurement and CT scan of body fat were done before sacrifice. Fasting glucose and lipids were determined by an autobiochemical analyzer. Blood insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Free fatty acids (FFAs) profiles in blood and liver were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microarray analysis was applied to investigate changes in transcriptomic profiles in the liver. Pathway analysis and gene ontology analysis were applied to describe the roles of differentially expressed mRNAs.ResultsCompared with the NFD group, body weight, body fat ratio, fasting blood glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, IL-6, serum and liver FFAs including total FFAs, C16:0 and C18:0 were increased in both high fat diet groups and were much higher in the HSF group than those in the LSF group. Both HSF and LSF mice exhibited distinguishable long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA and mRNA expression profiles when compared with those of NFD mice. Additionally, more differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were observed in the HSF group than in the LSF group. Some biological functions and pathways, other than energy metabolism regulation, were identified as differentially expressed mRNAs between the HSF group and the LSF group.ConclusionThe high fat diet with a high C18:0/C16:0 ratio induced more severe glucose and lipid metabolic disorders and inflammation and affected expression of more lncRNAs and mRNAs than an isocaloric low C18:0/C16:0 ratio diet in mice. These results provide new insights into the differences in biological functions and related mechanisms, other than glucose and lipid metabolism, between C16:0 and C18:0.

Ліпідне живлення овець

The analysis of literature and personal research data on the role of lipids and their individual fatty acids in the nutrition of sheep has been presented. Experimental data indicate a positive effect of lipids on the body of sheep. However, the question of lipid nutrition is poorly studied, which explains the lack of scientifically based standards for the content of raw fat in sheep diets in general and of individual saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, in particular, which leads to an overrun of the most expensive and deficient component of the diet — protein, as well as negatively affects the productivity of animals and the quality of wool, meat and dairy products. A significant amount of data is devoted to the characterization of lipids and their individual fatty acids in various feeds. In particular, it has been shown that plant seeds (wheat, barley, oats, peas) mostly contain structural lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids) in which linoleic (C18:2) acid, which is the parent of acid family ω-6, predominates quantitatively (from 45 to 61%). The amount of linoleic (C18:2) acid does not exceed 7%, and it is a representative of acid family ω-3. This acid and ω-9 are precursors of various biologically active substances, in particular prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelets and others. It is emphasized that with the increase in the ω-3 fatty acids in the diets of animals, the spectrum of fatty acids of lipids in tissues and organs changes in the direction of increasing their unsaturation, and therefore, the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 acids in the diets should be taken into account for the normal provision of the body with polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is known that the body of sheep is characterized by high requirements for mineral nutrition, which is associated with their products, in particular wool, and among the whole spectrum of mineral elements a special role belongs to Sulfur, whose content in wool is 3–5%. Therefore, the synthesis of keratin is inextricably linked to the intensive use of sulfur-containing compounds, mainly cystine. Our studies have shown that the increase in productivity under the influence of feeding sheep with sulfo-containing compounds is closely related to lipid metabolism, in particular phospholipids, since in sulfate sulfur experiments in vitro particularly the sulfolipid fraction is intensively incorporated into polar skin-lipids. Sulfur-containing compounds stimulate the synthesis of lipids and fatty acids in the body and this is due to the fact that Sulfur is a part of proteins, lipids, vitamins and other biologically active substances.

Effect of Feeding Hazelnut Skin on Animal Performance, Milk Quality, and Rumen Fatty Acids in Lactating Ewes.

Simple SummaryThe by-products originating from the agro-industry processes are often rich in bioactive compounds. This is the case of hazelnut skin, waste biomass of the pastry industry, rich in polyphenols and fatty acids that, if included in animal feeding, could contribute (i) to improve animal health and products’ quality and (ii) to reduce the feed costs and feed-to-food competition in animal production. We tested this by-product as an ingredient of the diet for lactating ewes. Noteworthy, despite we observed a slight reduction of milk protein percentage, the dietary administration of hazelnut skin improved the composition of the milk lipid fraction by increasing the presence of health-promoting fatty acids and by reducing atherogenic fatty acids. Also, a healthier status of the udder could be hypothesized as a consequence of the inclusion of hazelnut skin in the diet of lactating ewes.The hazelnut skin is waste biomass rich in bioactive compounds that may affect lipid rumen metabolism, ruminant performance, and products’ quality. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary hazelnut skin on milk production and composition and on rumen fatty acids in ewes. During 28 days, 20 Comisana lactating ewes received alfalfa hay ad libitum plus 800 g/head/day of pelleted concentrate containing 36% dried beet pulp (CTRL group; n = 10) or 36% hazelnut skin (HS group; n = 10). The protein percentage was lower in HS milk. Milk fatty acids (FA) partially reflected those of rumen content. Total saturated FA (SFA), odd and branched-chain FA, and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greater in CTRL milk. Total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and 18:1 trans were greater in HS milk; moreover, HS milk showed a double percentage of oleic acid than the CTRL group. Individual SFA were greater in CTRL milk except for 18:0. Differing from the rumen content, total PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and 18:2 n-6 were comparable between groups. Vaccenic and rumenic acid were greater in HS milk. To conclude, dietary HS slightly reduced milk protein percentage but improved atherogenic index and healthy FA in milk. The content of the somatic cells suggested a healthier udder in the HS group.

Evaluation of the Stability of Fatty Acids in Erythrocytes from Human Umbilical Cord.

The interest in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasing, but the stability of erythrocyte PUFA in these samples during storage and washing of the erythrocytes has not been directly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the lapse of time on the fatty acid (FA) content from UCB sample collection and maintained at 4 °C (0-12 h) until erythrocyte separation and washing. Palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), 18:1n-7/n-9, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), 22:4n-6, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) together accounted for 87% of the FA profile in the umbilical vein erythrocytes. No difference was observed in the concentration of any of the FA studied, nor in the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, or LC-PUFA in umbilical erythrocytes obtained at delivery and stored up to 12 h before the separation of erythrocytes. However, if a washing step was included in the processing of the erythrocytes, a decrease in the concentration of 16:0, 18:0, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, total SFA, PUFA, LC-PUFA, and n-6 LC-PUFA was evidenced, compared to unwashed erythrocytes. The FA concentration in umbilical cord erythrocytes did not change between samples stored from 0 to 12 h until erythrocyte separation. Erythrocyte washing before storage decreased the concentration of significant individual and total SFA, PUFA, and LC-PUFA. These results should be considered when planning the collection of UCB samples for the study of fatty acid concentration due to the nonscheduled timing of deliveries.

FRIED FOOD AND POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS

Background: Fried food is consumed worldwide because it is fast, delicious, and available everywhere. However, many studies suggested that fried food consumption promote many risks on health such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cancer. Objective: To discuss health hazards effect of fried food and its relation to chronic diseases. In addition, to raise the awareness of the society about the risks of frequent consumption of fried food on health. Method: By using Pubmed search, Scholar search and The American Jornal of Clinical Nutrition. Searching for (fried food risk- fried food and cancer- -fried food and diabetes- -fried food and obesity- fried food and CVD- fried food and cholesterol- fried food and cardiac disease). Conclusion:This review article showed that frequent fried food use (≥4 times/week is associated with a high risk of having a chronic disease such as: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, hypertension and cancer. 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Lung cancer risk in relation to dietary acrylamide intake. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101 (9):651-662. [Zainab S Alshanqiti (2019); FRIED FOOD AND POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS Int. J. of Adv. Res. 7 (Nov). 771-778] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com zainab sayed mohammed alshanqiti MD

Dairy Fat Consumption and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of the Saturated Fatty Acids in Dairy.

Lifestyle is a key modifiable risk factor involved in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome and, in particular, diet plays a pivotal role in its prevention and development. Current dietary guidelines discourage the consumption of saturated fat and dietary sources rich in saturated fat, such as dairy products, despite data suggesting that full-fat dairy consumption is protective against metabolic syndrome. This narrative review assessed the recent epidemiological and clinical research that examined the consumption of dairy-derived saturated fatty acids (SFA) on metabolic syndrome risk. In addition, this review evaluated studies of individual SFA to gain insight into the potential mechanisms at play with intake of a diet enriched with these dairy-derived fatty acids. This work underscores that SFA are a heterogenous class of fatty acids that can differ considerably in their biological activity within the body depending on their length and specific chemical structure. In summary, previous work on the impact of dairy-derived SFA consumption on disease risk suggests that there is currently insufficient evidence to support current dietary guidelines which consolidate all dietary SFA into a single group of nutrients whose consumption should be reduced, regardless of dietary source, food matrix, and composition.